Lớp 1 tiếng Việt có giờ học riêng với thầy Chánh hôm Chủ Nhật, 17 tháng 11 năm 2013. Thầy Chánh giới thiệu cho các em cách ghép âm của các chữ trong tiếng Việt theo trình tự sau:
1. Nhận diện các âm từ nguyên âm đơn và kép (single vowel or combined vowels)
2. Nhận diện các âm từ phụ âm đơn và kép (single consonant or combined consonants)
3. Nối âm của phụ âm và nguyên âm lại với nhau
4. Bỏ dấu (ngang, sắc, huyền, hỏi, ngã, nặng)
Các em được kiểm tra ngay trong lớp với các ví dụ từ trong sách; điểm này được xem như điểm kiểm tra cho môn "Ngữ Âm học".
Bài tập ở nhà của các em trong tuần này là đọc qua các trang trong bài soạn của thầy Chánh. Bài soạn có nhiều chi tiết hay, đặc biệt về cách xưng hô trong tiếng Việt (phần này không dạy trong lớp vì không đủ giờ), phụ huynh cũng nên đọc qua cho biết.
Ngữ âm học - Phonetic
Overview
Vietnamese
Language consist of only one syllable words.
Therefore it’s simply written as it is sounded, as long as you masters
the pronunciations of the alphabets, plus the 6 tones. Pay attention to the diagraphs.
How to sound
out the words:
1. Start at the first
vowel of the word, sound out and connect all remaining vowels and consonants of
the word
2. Add the beginning
consonant(s) and sound out the whole word; add the tone to complete sounding
out the word
Example:
Trò
1. o
2. Tr o ` đọc thành "Trò"
Khỉ
1. i
2. Kh i ? đọc thành "Khỉ"
Được
1. ư ơ c
2. Đ ư ơ c . đọc thành "Được"
Reading
Khỉ Con
Sở thú có con khỉ con. Khỉ không
thích ngủ. Khỉ thích nhảy.
Khỉ thích
đu trên cành cây.
Khỉ thích lăn lộn dưới đất. Khỉ thích la
hét và nhe răng cười.
Người ta tới xem khỉ làm trò.
Nhiều người vỗ tay và cho khỉ bánh.
Vietnamese
alphabet
A a a /aː˧/
Ă ă á /aː˧˥/
 â ớ /əː˧˥/
B b bê; bờ; bê bò /ɓe˧, ɓəː˧˩/
C c xê; cờ /se˧, kəː˧˩/
D d dê; dờ /ze˧, zəː˧˩/
Đ đ đê; đờ /ɗe˧, ɗəː˧˩/
E e e /ɛ˧/
Ê ê ê /e˧/
G g giê; gờ;
ghê /ze˧, ɣəː˧˩,
ɣe˧/
H h hắt; hờ /hat˦˥,
həː˧˩/
I i i;
i ngắn /i˧,
i˧ ŋan˧˥/
K k ca; kờ /kaː˧/
L l e-lờ; lờ /(ɛ˧)ləː˧˩/
M m em-mờ; mờ /(ɛm˧)məː˧˩/
N n en-nờ; nờ /(ɛn˧)nəː˧˩/
O o o /ɔ˧/
Ô ô ô /o˧/
Ơ ơ ơ /əː˧/
P p pê; pờ; bê phở (colloq.) /pe˧, pəː˧˩/
Q q cu; quy;
quờ /ku˧, kwi˧,
kwəː˧˩/
R r e-rờ; rờ /ɛ˧ʐəː˧˩, ʐəː˧˩/
S s ét sì; sờ; xờ mạnh; xờ
nặng /ɛt˦˥ʂi˧˩,
ʂəː˧˩/
T t tê; tờ /te˧, təː˧˩/
U u u /u˧/
Ư ư ư /ɨ˧/
V v vê, vờ /ve˧, vəː˧/
X x ích xì; xờ; xờ nhẹ /ic˦˥si˧˩,
səː˧˩/
Y y i
dài; i-cờ-rét /i˧zaːj˧˩,
i˧kəː˧˩ʐɛt˦˥/
·
QU is pronounced [kw] or [w] in.
·
TR is pronounced like "T +
R" [tʂ] by some southern speakers.
The digraph GH and
the trigraph NGH are basically variants of g and ng used
before i, in order to avoid confusion with the digraph GI.
For historical reasons, gh and ngh are also
used before e or ê, as in Italian.
The 6 Tones
Vietnamese is a tonal language with 6 tones. These tones are
marked as follows:
Name
|
Description
|
Diacritic
|
Example
|
ngang 'level'
|
mid level
|
(no mark)
|
ma 'ghost'
|
huyền 'hanging'
|
low falling (often breathy)
|
|
mà 'but'
|
sắc 'sharp'
|
high rising
|
|
má 'cheek, mother (southern)'
|
hỏi 'asking'
|
mid dipping-rising
|
|
mả 'tomb, grave'
|
ngã 'tumbling'
|
high breaking-rising
|
|
mã 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code'
|
nặng 'heavy'
|
low falling constricted
|
|
mạ 'rice seedling'
|
Not a one
to one translation
Vietnamese
|
English gloss
|
Phonological form
|
Morphological form
|
cơm
|
"cooked rice"
|
monosyllabic
|
monomorphemic
|
gạo
|
"uncooked rice"
|
monosyllabic
|
monomorphemic
|
|
|
"island"
|
disyllabic
|
monomorphemic
|
|
|
"cucumber"
|
disyllabic
|
bimorphemic
|
|
|
"hurry-scurry"
|
polysyllabic
|
polymorphemic (reduplicative)
|
Conversational
Usage
One important difference between
Vietnamese and Western languages is that Vietnamese has no polite equivalent of
the second-person pronoun, "you." Only very close acquaintances and
friends use the second-person pronoun "May" (pronounced
"mhay" with a heavy A and accentuated Y), as it is considered very
impolite between strangers. It is roughly equivalent to the pronoun
"Omae" in Japanese. Consider it the extreme version of misusing
"Toi" in place of "Vous" in French, except there is no
equivalent of "Vous" in Vietnamese. Like with many other Asian
cultures, it is more socially acceptable to be aware of your formal/informal
relationship to another person, and imply it through the word you use to address
them.
Strange as it might sound,
conversational Vietnamese takes place almost entirely in the second and third
persons. For example, instead of saying "I think you are very
beautiful" to a girl you like, you might say, "This older male thinks
you (the younger female) very beautiful" or abridge it to "You (the
younger female) are very beautiful." There is always an overt implication
in how you address someone according to their age and sex.
To Western ears, talking in the third
person sounds stilted and pretentious, but to Vietnamese ears, it is the social
norm. Vietnamese has a word for "I", tôi, but Vietnamese
would use it only in abstract or formal situations (such as public speaking,
addressing a television camera, or writing in a book.) Only foreigners
use tôi in conversation, which sounds stilted to Vietnamese,
but they understand why it is done and come to expect it.
In conversational Vietnamese, the
proper way to refer to yourself and others depends on a hierarchy of age and
sex. Many of the terms have a literal meaning of family relationships,
though they are used for all people on all occasions. Options include:
§ Ban (friend, pronounced "bhang" with a
heavy A. Easily confused with the word "table" to hilarious effect.)
§ Con (child, pronounced "ghone", and –
parents will be amused – also means animal, for example "Con chim"
literally means "(that) animal (which is a) bird", and as comedic sex
slang, "Con chim" also means "young boy's penis".)
§ Em (literally, younger person, generally
reserved for a younger sister, younger female relative, or a female
acquaintance whom you consider equal to or younger than you – refers to anyone
younger than you but older than a child. It is the usual way to address your
wife, girlfriend, or female lover, regardless of your own age or sex, with
implications of endearment beyond daily usage of the word. Can be considered
the equivalent of "my dear".)
§ Anh (older brother – man older than you by up to
10-20 years depending on how close they are. Or refers to a man of the same age
as you, but whom you hold in high regard even if you are slightly older. It is
also the usual way to address a husband, boyfriend, or male lover, regardless
of your own age or sex, with implications of endearment beyond daily usage.)
§ Chị (older sister – woman older than you by up to
10-20 years depending on how close they are, with the implication that you feel
the age between you and her does not matter. Generally only used for females
slightly older than you.)
§ Chú (literally, "Mister" with
implications toward "uncle". Also used to address your father's
younger brother – man older than you and who you feel deserves the distinction
beyond "Anh".)
§ Cô (literally, "Miss" or "Young
Mrs." – woman older than you by 10+ years, or your female teacher prior
to college. Implies that you feel she is a generation older than you, but
you still think she is too young to be called "Madam" or
"Mrs.")
§ Bác (unisex term, used for both Sir and Madam, –
refers to a mature person, generally 40 to 60 years old. Polite in that it
implies you do not think the person is a senior or elderly yet.)
§ Ông (literally, "old gentleman",
grandfather – refers specifically to a senior man, 50-60+ years old depending
on how close you are.)
§ Bà (literally, "Madam" or
"elderly lady", grandmother – refers specifically to a senior woman,
50-60+ years old depending on how close you are.)
Choose one from the list to represent
yourself, and one to represent the person you are talking to, depending on sex
and relative age. For example, to get the attention of a waiter or waitress in
a restaurant, say em/anh/chi oi (oi being the ubiquitous
Vietnamese term for "hey"). If you listen closely, when people
address you or talk about you in Vietnamese, they will be using these terms.
They will be very impressed if you can master this! Nonetheless, even between
natural Vietnamese people, it can get awkward when you try to figure out how to
address someone who appears to be the same sex and, as far as you can tell,
about the same age as you. Once you figure out their age and sex, they may have
you use one of the above terms, or simply be amiable and ask you to call them
"Ban", or "friend".
For simplicity, however, many phrases
below are translated without the relevant terms for you and/or your listener:
For example, "How are you" is literally translated as "Healthy
or not?" It is generally impolite to speak to a person without directly
addressing them unless they're a subordinate, but Vietnamese usually don't take
offense when foreigners omit this. Wherever you see tôi below,
you can substitute one of the words above according to the circumstance.
